Introduction
Table 1. Extra-large gas fields with original recoverable reserves larger than 1×1012 m3 in the West Siberian Basin [4] |
Gas field | Year of discovery | Original recoverable reserves/108 m3 | Year of production | Total gas production/108 m3 | Cut-off year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urengoy | 1966 | 109 812.30 | 1978 | 69 741.58 | 2021 |
Yamburg | 1969 | 58 867.30 | 1984 | 41 197.92 | 2021 |
Bovanenkov | 1971 | 38 649.48 | 2012 | 6 670.55 | 2021 |
Zapoliar | 1965 | 31 374.88 | 2001 | 18 026.29 | 2021 |
Medvezhye | 1967 | 21 618.74 | 1971 | 18 966.92 | 2021 |
Harasavey | 1974 | 12 455.00 | |||
Kruzenshtern | 1976 | 11 768.53 | |||
Koivikkin | 1987 | 14 843.38 |
1. Large gas fields and gas components in China
Fig. 1. Large gas fields and their distribution in China (excl. large CBM fields and two large gas fields in the East China Sea Basin). Tarim Basin (10 gas fields): 1-Kela 2, 2-Dina 2, 3-Kelasu, 4-Dabei, 5-Zhongqiu, 6-Tazhong 1, 7-Hetianhe, 8-Kekeya, 9-Akmomu, 10-Yudong; Junggar Basin (1 gas field): 11-Kelameili; Qaidam Basin (4 gas fields): 12-Dongping, 13-Tainan, 14-Sebei 1, 15-Sebei 2; Sichuan Basin (27 gas fields): 16-Xinchang, 17-Chengdu, 18-Qiongxi, 19-Luodai, 20-Anyue, 21-Moxi, 22-Hechuan, 23-Guangan, 24-Longgang, 25-Yuanba, 26-Bajiaochang, 27-Puguang, 28-Tieshanpo, 29-Dukouhe, 30-Luojiazhai, 31-Datianchi, 32-Wolonghe, 33-Weiyuan, 34-Fuling, 35-Changning, 36-Changning-Shangluo, 37-Taiyang, 38-Dachigan, 39-Zhongjiang, 40-Weiyuan shale gas field, 41-Weirong, 42-Chuanxi; Ordos Basin (15 gas fields): 43-Sulige, 44-Wushenqi, 45-Daniudi, 46-Shenmu, 47-Yulin, 48-Mizhi, 49-Zizhou, 50-Jingbian, 51-Liuyangbao, 52-Yan’an, 53-Dongsheng, 54-Yichuan, 55-Qingyang, 56-Daji, 57-Linxing; Songliao Basin (4 gas fields): 58-Xushen, 59-Longshen, 60-Changling I, 61-Songnan; Bohai Bay Basin (1 gas field): 62-Bozhong 19-6; Pearl River Mouth Basin (1 gas field): 63-Liwan 3-1; Ying-Qiong Basin (7 gas fields): 64-Lingshui 17-2, 65-Lingshui 25-1, 66-Dongfang 1-1, 67-Dongfang 13-2, 68-Ledong 22-1, 69-Ya 13-1, 70-Ledong 10-1. |
Fig. 2. Gas components of large gas fields in China (the values in parentheses represent the numbers of gas samples). |
2. Carbon isotopic composition of alkane gas in large gas fields in China
Fig. 3. δ13C1-4 values of large gas fields in China. |
Table 2. Components and carbon isotopic compositions of the natural gas from large gas fields in China |
Basin | Gas field | Well | Layer | Main components of natural gas/% | δ13C value/‰ | Gas type | R/Ra | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CH4 | C2H6 | C3H8 | C4H10 | CO2 | N2 | CH4 | C2H6 | C3H8 | C4H10 | CO2 | |||||||
Ordos | Sulige | E58 | P2x | 89.60 | 3.93 | 0.82 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 4.64 | -31.9 | -23.6 | -23.4 | Coal- derived gas | ||||
Su172 | P1s | 94.12 | 3.02 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 2.08 | -27.3 | -23.0 | -26.1 | |||||||
Tao5 | P2x | 90.90 | 4.69 | 0.83 | 0.23 | 0.76 | 2.10 | -36.5 | -23.2 | -24.5 | -22.3 | ||||||
Dongsheng | J26 | P2x | 93.66 | 3.59 | 0.81 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 1.16 | -32.0 | -25.4 | -24.8 | -23.8 | -9.9 | ||||
J55 | P1s | 83.48 | 7.14 | 1.86 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 6.76 | -36.2 | -24.8 | -26.4 | -28.8 | ||||||
Wushenqi | Zhao4 | P2x | 90.70 | 5.46 | 1.09 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.81 | -31.3 | -23.7 | -23.0 | -22.5 | |||||
ZT1 | O1m54−6 | 82.16 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.06 | -37.5 | -27.8 | -24.3 | -20.3 | ||||||
Daniudi | DG3 | O1m5 | 91.97 | 2.80 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 3.89 | 0.47 | -40.1 | -24.2 | -22.8 | ||||||
D66-52 | O1m5 | 93.34 | 3.49 | 0.79 | 0.31 | 1.56 | 0.38 | -37.6 | -29.8 | -27.3 | |||||||
D66-38 | O1m5 | 91.66 | 5.09 | 1.33 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 1.08 | -40.3 | -33.6 | -28.9 | Oil- related gas | 0.026 | |||||
Yulin | Yu 27-01 | O1m51-2 | 95.00 | 1.34 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 3.26 | 0.12 | -33.1 | -30.8 | -28.8 | -20.0 | -3.4 | ||||
Yu 27-11 | P1s2 | 92.47 | 4.24 | 0.91 | 0.33 | 1.64 | 0.24 | -29.8 | -25.2 | -23.7 | -22.8 | -7.4 | Coal- derived gas | ||||
Shenmu | Shen24 | P1t | -31.5 | -25.0 | -23.2 | ||||||||||||
Shuang72 | P1t | -40.7 | -25.6 | -25.1 | -25.8 | ||||||||||||
Linxing | LX-105-2D | P2x | 95.28 | 2.77 | 0.74 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.87 | -30.3 | ||||||||
LX-46 | C2b | 91.95 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 4.62 | 3.16 | -46.5 | -17.6 | ||||||||
Zizhou | Zhou28-43 | P1s | 90.44 | 5.42 | 1.54 | 0.65 | -30.2 | -22.7 | -22.2 | -20.2 | |||||||
Zhou16-19 | P1s | 91.53 | 1.16 | 0.39 | -34.5 | -24.3 | -21.7 | -21.7 | |||||||||
Mizhi | LC1 | P2x | -29.2 | -22.4 | -23.0 | ||||||||||||
Mi3 | P2x | 87.31 | 6.61 | 1.98 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 2.09 | -44.0 | -34.7 | -31.7 | -32.5 | ||||||
Daji | D6-2B | P2sh7 | 98.85 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0 | -25.3 | -29.3 | -29.8 | ||||||
D2-6A-6 | P1t | 97.81 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 1.70 | 0.28 | -29.3 | -34.3 | -32.9 | ||||||||
Yichuan | Yi8 | P1s2 | -31.0 | -31.4 | |||||||||||||
Yi32 | C2b | 99.19 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.43 | 0.04 | -33.0 | |||||||||
Yan’an | Y175 | C2b | 96.49 | 0.62 | 0.05 | 2.24 | 0.59 | -27.5 | -33.4 | -33.3 | |||||||
Sh37 | C2b | 96.60 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 2.73 | 0.22 | -30.8 | -37.1 | -37.3 | -2.1 | |||||||
Qingyang | Long84 | P1s1 | 87.50 | 1.42 | 0.18 | 2.96 | 7.81 | -24.9 | -28.7 | -31.2 | |||||||
Long47 | P1t | 89.26 | 4.07 | 0.64 | 0.14 | -33.2 | -40.8 | -39.1 | 0 | ||||||||
Liuyangbao | DB26 | P1s2 | 92.89 | 1.61 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 4.22 | 0.99 | -28.6 | -24.2 | -24.0 | ||||||
LP4T | P1t2 | 96.71 | 1.60 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.09 | 0.77 | -30.6 | -25.3 | -28.0 | |||||||
Jingbian | G49-13 | O1m51 | 93.31 | 0.70 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 5.55 | 0.31 | -27.6 | -32.7 | -30.1 | -27.7 | -0.5 | Oil- related gas | |||
Shaan2 | O1m | 92.11 | 3.45 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 3.31 | -41.4 | -31.0 | -25.6 | -23.5 | ||||||
Sichuan | Anyuan | MX11 | Z2dn2 | 89.87 | 0.03 | 7.02 | 1.92 | -32.0 | -26.8 | ||||||||
MX121 | Z2dn2 | 94.03 | 0.08 | 4.56 | 0.53 | -34.1 | -31.9 | ||||||||||
MX206 | —C 1l | 95.37 | 0.09 | 2.96 | 0.58 | -32.1 | -31.9 | ||||||||||
MX31 | —C 1l | 95.67 | 0.11 | 2.66 | 0.75 | -33.6 | -31.5 | ||||||||||
Weiyuan | Wei27 | Z2d | 85.85 | 0.17 | 0 | 4.70 | 7.81 | -32.0 | -31.2 | ||||||||
Wei63 | Z2d | -32.8 | |||||||||||||||
Datianchi | TD2 | C2h1 | -31.4 | -35.6 | |||||||||||||
TD93 | C2h1 | -35.1 | -37.4 | -34.5 | |||||||||||||
Wolonghe | Wo55 | P3ch | 95.32 | 1.09 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 2.26 | -31.7 | -30.6 | |||||||
Wo70 | C2hl | 97.06 | 0.82 | 0.10 | 0 | 1.46 | 0.56 | -36.8 | -33.4 | -25.1 | -28.5 | ||||||
Puguang | P401-1 | T1f1−3 | 83.95 | 0.05 | 0 | 7.35 | 2.84 | -31.4 | -31.6 | -1.1 | |||||||
P105-2 | T1f1−2 | 70.44 | 1.10 | 0.29 | 8.64 | 2.37 | -35.6 | -27.2 | |||||||||
Tieshanpo | P2 | T1f | 78.52 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 5.87 | 0.98 | -29.5 | |||||||||
P1 | T1f | 78.38 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 6.36 | 0.92 | -30.1 | ||||||||||
Dukouhe | P2 | T1f | 78.74 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.29 | 1.60 | -29.5 | |||||||||
WBQ1-2 | J2s | 94.05 | 3.51 | 0.86 | 0.22 | 0 | 1.20 | -34.2 | -29.1 | -26.3 | -25.4 | ||||||
Luojiazhai | LJ7 | T1f | 81.37 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 6.74 | 1.34 | -30.3 | -29.4 | |||||||
HL8 | P2ch | 95.85 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 2.68 | 0.48 | -33.6 | |||||||||
Yuanba | YL10 | T3x3 | 98.04 | 0.62 | 0.04 | 0 | 1.01 | 0.29 | -26.0 | -22.9 | -0.3 | Coal- derived gas | |||||
YB221 | T3x3 | 94.40 | 2.02 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 2.10 | 1.09 | -33.8 | -20.7 | -20.6 | 1.3 | ||||||
Longgang | LG61 | T1f | 94.95 | 0.08 | 1.84 | 0.09 | -27.4 | -22.2 | 1.9 | ||||||||
LG001-6 | T1f | 95.24 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 3.90 | 0.62 | -37.8 | -26.4 | 0.2 | ||||||||
Chuanxi | Yas1-3 | T2l43 | 87.20 | 0.11 | 6.09 | 0.94 | -30.6 | -32.9 | Oil- related gas | ||||||||
YS-3 | T2l43 | 88.13 | 0.12 | 1.44 | 5.79 | 1.44 | -31.8 | -32.6 | |||||||||
Moxi | MS1-1 | T1j | -31.4 | -32.1 | |||||||||||||
Mo64 | T1j | -42.5 | -28.2 | -25.3 | |||||||||||||
Sichuan | Xinchang | XC134 | J2s | -32.7 | -25.7 | -23.6 | -18.9 | Coal- derived gas | |||||||||
XC134-2 | J2s | 93.08 | 5.02 | 0.82 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.16 | -36.7 | -24.4 | -23.4 | -19.3 | -11.3 | |||||
Qiongxi | QX14 | T3x2 | 96.50 | 1.57 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 1.54 | 0.23 | -30.5 | -24.1 | -23.8 | -5.0 | |||||
PL2 | J2s | 93.55 | 4.01 | 0.57 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 1.62 | -39.2 | -25.5 | -21.9 | -21.2 | ||||||
Sichuan | Hechuan | HC5 | T3x2 | 88.75 | 5.25 | 0.98 | 0.47 | 0.19 | 3.79 | -37.9 | -24.9 | -22.1 | -21.6 | Coal- derived gas | |||
HC1 | T3x2 | 87.57 | 7.40 | 2.68 | 1.04 | 0.04 | 0.46 | -42.8 | -26.6 | -22.7 | -22.2 | ||||||
Guangan | GA11 | T3x6 | -37.1 | -27.4 | -22.7 | -23.6 | |||||||||||
GA14 | T3x6 | 88.83 | 5.76 | 1.32 | 0.46 | -42.0 | -25.9 | -21.7 | -20.7 | ||||||||
Bajiaochang | J6 | Jt4 | -36.5 | -26.0 | |||||||||||||
J37 | Jt4 | -43.1 | -32.9 | -30.2 | -29.3 | Oil- related gas | |||||||||||
Chengdu | MP46 | J3p | 94.60 | 3.05 | 0.68 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 1.22 | -31.1 | -25.4 | -21.0 | Coal- derived gas | |||||
MP13 | J3p | 93.53 | 4.14 | 0.92 | 0.33 | 0 | 0.90 | -33.5 | -25.3 | -19.4 | |||||||
Zhongjiang | JS21-6HF | J2s | -30.4 | -25.3 | -22.7 | ||||||||||||
JS24-3H | J2s | -38.6 | -26.2 | -22.9 | |||||||||||||
Luodai | L75 | J3p | 89.69 | 5.98 | 1.85 | 0.77 | 0 | 1.24 | -32.5 | -23.7 | -20.9 | -20.0 | |||||
LS24D | J3sn | 92.43 | 4.03 | 0.95 | 0.23 | 0 | 1.81 | -36.3 | -23.6 | -19.6 | -21.0 | ||||||
Fuling shale gas | JY2 | O3w−S1l | -22.7 | -37.6 | -38.8 | Oil- related gas | |||||||||||
JY3 | O3w−S1l | -33.8 | -38.6 | -38.2 | |||||||||||||
Changningshale gas | Z104 | S1l | 99.25 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.07 | -26.7 | -31.7 | -33.1 | 3.8 | |||||||
NH10-1 | S1l | 98.66 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 0.08 | -29.8 | -34.5 | -36.2 | -1.4 | |||||||
Changning- Shangluo shale gas | SL08 | S1l | 97.18 | 0.63 | 2.19 | -21.6 | -30.6 | -8.3 | |||||||||
SL08H8 | S1l | 96.87 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 2.53 | -32.0 | |||||||||||
Taiyang shale gas | YS116H | O3w−S1l | -28.8 | -33.9 | -35.0 | -18.7 | |||||||||||
Y103 | O3w−S1l | 97.09 | 0.79 | 0 | 0.09 | -32.8 | -36.6 | -37.1 | -16.3 | ||||||||
Weiyuan shale gas | W204H6-1 | O3w−S1l | 98.24 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.67 | -34.3 | -37.6 | -41.8 | -9.7 | 0.03 | |||||
W201 | O3w−S1l | 99.09 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.01 | -37.3 | -38.2 | -0.2 | |||||||||
Weirong shale gas | WY1 | -28.7 | -35.3 | ||||||||||||||
WY23-6HF | 96.40 | 0.41 | 1.68 | 0.67 | -36.6 | -38.1 | -41.4 | ||||||||||
Tarim | Kelasu | KS105 | K1bs | 95.94 | 0.47 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.36 | 1.14 | -25.7 | -13.8 | Coal- derived gas | |||||
BZ3 | K1bs | 86.64 | 6.53 | 1.65 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 3.11 | -35.6 | -25.1 | -23.2 | -22.9 | ||||||
Kela 2 | KL201 | K1bs | 96.88 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 1.21 | -27.3 | -19.0 | -19.5 | -21.2 | -18.6 | ||||
KL2 | K1bs | -28.2 | -18.9 | -19.2 | -20.9 | -15.4 | |||||||||||
Dina 2 | DN204 | E1−2km | 86.90 | 7.40 | 0.92 | 0.62 | 0.89 | 2.95 | -34 | -23.1 | -20.8 | -20.4 | -12.4 | ||||
DN2 | N1j | 87.93 | 7.25 | 1.40 | 0.59 | 0.81 | 1.55 | -36.9 | -21.3 | -24.4 | -24.7 | -15.7 | |||||
Dabei | DB104 | K1bs | 95.60 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.67 | 2.02 | -26.7 | -19.2 | |||||||
DB1 | K1bs | 94.29 | 3.43 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 1.20 | -33.1 | -21.4 | ||||||||
Zhongqiu | ZQ101 | 90.93 | 4.73 | 1.00 | 0.39 | 0.76 | 1.70 | -32.3 | -20.3 | -18.6 | -20.3 | ||||||
ZQ1 | -32.6 | -22.3 | -20.7 | -20.6 | |||||||||||||
Yudong | YD5 | E | 89.15 | 5.51 | 1.14 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 2.98 | -33.1 | -22.5 | -20.7 | -20.9 | |||||
YD1 | E | 89.95 | 5.51 | 1.14 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 2.18 | -35.0 | -22.5 | -21.5 | -22.6 | ||||||
Kekeya | K8001 | N1x8 | 87.34 | 6.40 | 2.28 | 1.22 | 0.07 | 1.84 | -34.2 | -25.7 | -23.2 | -23.2 | |||||
K18 | N1x | 84.05 | 8.99 | 1.93 | 0.73 | 3.98 | -38.5 | -26.4 | -25.1 | ||||||||
Akmomu | AK1 | K2 | -23.0 | -20.2 | -4.6 | ||||||||||||
AK1 | K2 | -25.6 | -21.9 | -15.6 | |||||||||||||
Tazhong I | ZG2 | O3l | 89.79 | 1.39 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 1.24 | 6.74 | -32.6 | -30.0 | -39.3 | -29.3 | -2.7 | Oil- related gas | |||
TZ45 | O3l | 84.21 | 4.43 | 1.62 | 1.03 | 2.61 | 4.80 | -54.4 | -38.2 | -32.0 | -30.7 | ||||||
Hetianhe | M8 | O | 75.71 | 0.51 | 0 | 0 | 14.03 | 9.75 | -34.6 | -38.1 | -35.4 | -31.6 | |||||
M2 | C | 78.31 | 1.71 | 0.14 | 0 | 0.19 | 19.65 | -39.6 | -36.5 | -30.8 | -27.6 | 1.17 | |||||
Junggar | Kelameili | DX26 | C | 88.89 | 4.49 | 1.29 | 1.58 | 2.75 | 0.09 | -28.5 | -25.6 | -24.0 | -5.1 | Coal- derived gas | 0.06 | ||
D403 | C | 88.89 | 4.87 | 1.83 | 1.10 | 2.18 | 0.07 | -31.3 | -27.5 | -24.6 | |||||||
Qaidam | Tainan | TS1 | Q | 50.07 | 0.80 | 0.12 | 4.84 | 35.07 | -56.4 | -32.3 | -31.0 | Biogas | |||||
T1-2 | 98.66 | 0.06 | 0 | 1.27 | -71.2 | -52.3 | -35.1 | ||||||||||
Sebei1 | S27 | Q | 99.93 | 0.04 | 0.03 | -60.5 | -10.6 | ||||||||||
S0-12 | Q | 99.89 | 0.10 | 0.01 | -70.4 | -44.7 | -34.1 | ||||||||||
Sebei 2 | SZ9 | Q | 99.31 | 0.69 | -63.0 | ||||||||||||
SS17 | Q | 99.62 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.06 | -69.7 | -42.4 | -33.2 | -3.2 | |||||||
Dongping | P3H-6-1 | Bedrock | 73.82 | 0.96 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 24.08 | -18.9 | -24.3 | Coal- derived gas | ||||||
N1-2-2 | J | 81.21 | 8.99 | 4.28 | 1.76 | 0.30 | 3.05 | -38.0 | -26.1 | -24.1 | -23.9 | ||||||
Songliao | Xushen | LT2 | Base | 93.46 | 2.90 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 2.00 | -20.9 | -27.7 | -30.1 | Mixed gas | ||||
XS19 | K1yc | 3.48 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 95.82 | 0.67 | -35.6 | -34.7 | -4.6 | |||||||
Songliao | Changling I | CS104 | K1yc | -11.4 | -23.0 | -27.8 | Mixed gas | ||||||||||
CS1 | K1yc | -26.5 | -29.6 | -7.2 | |||||||||||||
Songnan | YD3HF | K1d | 75.13 | 1.32 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 16.67 | 6.73 | -19.1 | -27.9 | -29.7 | -8.8 | 2.21 | ||||
YD4HF | K1d | 74.39 | 1.30 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 16.81 | 6.79 | -25.1 | -29.3 | -32.4 | -9.8 | 1.11 | |||||
Longshen | LS3 | K1yc | 78.65 | 12.00 | 3.78 | 1.42 | 1.23 | 2.50 | -29.1 | -25.7 | -23.9 | -24 | 0.7 | ||||
LS1 | K1sh | -39.2 | -27.9 | -26.4 | -25.6 | ||||||||||||
Ying− Qiong | Ya13−1 | YC13-1-1 | E3ls3 | 89.81 | 2.64 | 1.21 | 0.76 | 0.17 | 4.65 | -34.4 | Coal- derived gas | ||||||
YC13-1-6 | E3ls3 | 82.96 | 4.80 | 1.81 | 0.88 | 8.33 | 0.26 | -40 | -24.9 | -23.7 | -23.8 | ||||||
Dongfang 1−1 | DF1-1-7 | N2ygh | 35.84 | 1.28 | 0.15 | 0 | 56.89 | 5.30 | -31.8 | -23.7 | -23.3 | -23.6 | -3.4 | ||||
DF1-1-9 | N2ygh | 80.80 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 0.40 | 18.20 | -40.5 | -21.8 | -18.6 | |||||||
Ledong 22−1 | LD22-1-1 | N2ygh1 | 13.44 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0 | 80.42 | 5.29 | -26.9 | -22.0 | -2.2 | ||||||
LD22-1-5 | Qld2 | 84.27 | 0.96 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 13.32 | -49.3 | -23.5 | -21.7 | -20.8 | ||||||
Ledong 10−1 | LD10-1-10 | N1hl2 | 25.43 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0 | 70.10 | 4.28 | -29.0 | -19.6 | -1.8 | ||||||
LD10-1-5 | N1hl2 | 41.31 | 1.55 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 54.26 | 2.59 | -33.7 | -27.2 | ||||||||
Dongfang 13−2 | DF13-2-2 | N1hl1 | 84.28 | 1.46 | 0.83 | 0.39 | 2.27 | 10.65 | -30.4 | -26.0 | -25.4 | -25.7 | -10.9 | ||||
DF13-2-6 | N1hl1 | 78.72 | 1.35 | 1.25 | 0.86 | 2.59 | 14.96 | -39.0 | -27.4 | -28.0 | -27.2 | -10.4 | |||||
Lingshui 17−2 | LS17-2-1 | N1hl | 93.25 | 0.21 | 0.62 | -36.8 | -23.6 | -22.2 | -21.5 | ||||||||
LS17-2-8 | N1hl | 85.18 | 4.63 | 1.82 | 0.94 | 0.22 | 5.09 | -40.0 | -25.9 | -24.3 | -24.0 | -17.8 | |||||
Lingshui 25−1 | LS25-1-2 | N1hl | 78.74 | 4.65 | 1.30 | 0.59 | 9.26 | 1.05 | -36.0 | -25.6 | -23.1 | -22.5 | -4.5 | ||||
LS25-1-1 | N1hl | 87.31 | 4.70 | 1.63 | 0.76 | 2.83 | 1.58 | -39.4 | -25.4 | -23.3 | -22.6 | -9.0 | |||||
Pearl River Mouth | Liwan 3−1 | LW3-1-1 | N1z | 86.29 | 5.18 | 1.74 | 0.86 | 3.07 | 0.10 | -36.6 | -29.1 | -27.4 | -26.9 | -6.1 | |||
LW3-1-2 | N1z | 87.41 | 5.67 | 1.61 | 0.57 | 3.13 | 1.41 | -38.0 | -29.0 | -28.6 | -29.5 | -3.9 | |||||
Bohai Bay | Bozhong 19−6 | O | Ar | 79.79 | 8.48 | 2.88 | 1.34 | 6.76 | 0.05 | -37.0 | -27.3 | -26.6 | -27.2 | ||||
B | Ar | 77.78 | 8.22 | 2.78 | 1.28 | 9.19 | 0.12 | -39.2 | -25.8 | -24.6 | -24.1 |
Note: Only two wells with the maximum and minimum values of δ13C1 in each of 70 gas fields are selected. P2x—Lower Shihezi Formation of Permian; P1s—Shanxi Formation of Permian; O1m5—Member 5 of Majiagou Formation of Ordovician; P1t—Taiyuan Formation of Permian; C2b—Benxi Formation of Carboniferous; P2sh7—Member 7 of Upper Shihezi Formation of Permian; Z2dn2—Member 2 of Dengying Formation of Sinian; —C1l—Longwangmiao Formation of Cambrian; Z2d—Dengying Formation; C2h1—Member 1 of Huanglong Formation of Carboniferous; T1f1-3—Members 1-3 of Feixianguan Formation of Triassic; J2s—Shaximiao Formation of Jurassic; P2ch—Changxing Formation of Permian; T3x—Xujiahe Formation of Triassic; T2l—Leikoupo Formation of Triassic; T1j—Jialingjiang Formation of Triassic; Jt4—Member 4 of Ziliujing Formation of Jurassic; J3p—Penglaizhen Formation of Jurassic; J3sn—Suining Formation of Jurassic; O3w—Wufeng Formation of Ordovician; S1l—Longmaxi Formation of Silurian; K1bs—Bashijiqike Formation of Cretaceous; E1-2km—Kumugeliemu Group of Paleogene; E—Paleogene; N1x8—Member 8 of Xihefu Formation of Neogene; K2—Upper Cretaceous; O3l—Lianglitag Formation of Ordovician; O—Ordovician; C—Carboniferous; Q—Quaternary; J—Jurassic; K1yc—Yingcheng Formation of Cretaceous; K1d—Denglouku Formation of Cretaceous; K1sh—Shahezi Formation of Cretaceous; E3ls3—Lingshui Formation of Paleogene; N2ygh—Yinggehai Formation of Neogene; Qlld2—Member 2 of Ledong Formation of Quaternary; N1hl2—Member 2 of Huangliu Formation of Neogene; N1z—Zhujiang Formation of Neogene; Ar—Archaean. |
3. The δ13C1 values distribution of biogas, oil-related gas, coal-derived gas, and abiogenic gas in large gas fields in China
3.1. The δ13C1 value of biogas is between -71.2‰ and -56.4‰, with an interval value of 14.8‰
Table 3. Lower limit (maximum value) to upper limit (minimum value) of δ13C1 of biogas adopted by some scholars [21] |
δ13C1/‰ | Data source | δ13C1/‰ | Data source |
---|---|---|---|
-95 to -55 | Alekseyev (1974) | <-55 | Wang et al. (1988) |
-95 to -55 | Bысоцкий (1979) | <-55 | Shen et al. (1991) |
-75 to -55 | Hunt (1979) | -75 to -58 | Fuex (1977) |
-100 to -55 | Stahl (1979) | -80 to -58 | Carey (1979) |
<-55 | Rice (1981) | <-60 | Jenden et al. (1986) |
<-55 | Zhang (1983) | -85 to -60 | Chen et al. (1989) |
<-55 | Zhang (1984) | -90 to -50 | Tiratsov (1979) |
-55 to -90 | Tissot (1984) | -97 to -50 | Эоръкий и др (1984) |
<-55 | Dai et al. (1986) | <-64 | Schoell (1980) |
<-55 | Grace (1986) | -80 to -70 | Donald (1983) |
<-55 | Bao et al. (1988) |
Fig. 4. δ13C1 scales of large gas fields and natural gas in China |
3.2. The δ13C1 value of oil-related gas is between -54.4‰ and -21.6‰, with an interval value of 32.8‰
3.3. The δ13C1 value of coal-derived gas is between -49.3‰ and -18.9‰, with an interval value of 30.4‰
3.4. The δ13C1 value of abiogenic gas is between -35.6‰ and -11.4‰, with an interval value of 24.2‰
Table 4. The δ13C1 values of abiogenic gas related to hot springs after the volcanic period in China [34] |
Sampling location | Main components of gas/% | δ13C/‰ | Helium isotope (R/Ra) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N2 | CO2 | CH4 | He | CH4 | CO2 | |||
Tengchong City, Yunnan Province | Xiaogunguo hot spring | 0.31 | 99.09 | 0.500 | 0.014 | -20.6 | -1.2 | 3.37 |
Dagunguo hot spring | 1.24 | 97.35 | 1.350 | 0.042 | -19.5 | -2.0 | 3.26 | |
Zhenzhu hot spring | 99.92 | 0.080 | -21.2 | -3.3 | 3.34 | |||
Huaitaijing hot spring | 3.20 | 96.66 | 0.130 | -21.0 | -3.2 | 3.80 | ||
Zaotanghe (II) | 2.54 | 96.81 | 0.345 | 0.005 | -20.0 | -1.9 | 2.86 | |
Huangguaqing hot spring | 0.63 | 98.51 | 0.860 | -20.5 | -2.3 | 4.44 | ||
Dieshuihe cold spring | 3.09 | 96.82 | 0.010 | 0.016 | -30.0 | -1.3 | 4.49 | |
Heshun Township mineral spring | 2.15 | 97.81 | 0.010 | 0.009 | -32.7 | -5.8 | 3.36 | |
Tianchi hot spring (1) in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province | 0.65 | 98.62 | 0.640 | 0.002 | -36.2 | -6.0 | ||
Tianchi hot spring (3) in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province | 99.64 | 0.029 | 0.010 | -24.0 | -5.8 | 1.19 | ||
Hot spring and river spring 1, Tuoba Town, Ganzi County, Sichuan Province | 2.72 | 93.00 | 3.640 | 0.602 | -29.9 | -2.9 | 3.50 |
Table 5. Components and isotopic compostions of natural gas from Changling I and Songnan gas fields of Songliao Basin |
Gas field | Well | Major components of natural gas/% | δ13C/‰ | R/Ra | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CH4 | C2H6 | C3H8 | C4H10 | CO2 | N2 | CH4 | C2H6 | C3H8 | C4H10 | CO2 | |||
Changling I | CS1 | 71.40 | 1.79 | 0.11 | 0 | 22.56 | 4.14 | -23.0 | -26.3 | -27.3 | -34.0 | -6.8 | 2.88 |
CS1-1 | 75.45 | 1.91 | 0.21 | 0 | 12.55 | 5.87 | -22.2 | -26.9 | -27.0 | -33.7 | -7.5 | 2.91 | |
CS2 | 1.57 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 97.45 | 0.71 | -17.5 | -26.2 | -26.0 | -3.6 | 2.94 | ||
CS12 | -32.7 | -37.4 | -31.9 | -29.5 | |||||||||
C104 | -11.4 | -23.0 | -27.8 | ||||||||||
CS6 | 0.40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98.70 | 0.90 | -25.1 | -29.6 | -30.9 | -6.3 | 5.46 | ||
Songnan | YS1 | 71.72 | 1.22 | 0.05 | 20.74 | -23.6 | -26.5 | -26.7 | -33.2 | -7.9 | |||
YD3HF | 75.13 | 1.32 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 16.67 | 6.73 | -19.1 | -27.9 | -29.7 | -8.8 | 2.21 | ||
YD9HF | 91.35 | 1.55 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.68 | 6.15 | -23.7 | -30.6 | -33.1 | -8.5 | 2.75 | ||
YP12 | 76.51 | 1.32 | 0.06 | 0 | 14.90 | 7.12 | -22.9 | -28.1 | -28.1 | -7.5 | 2.29 | ||
YP13 | 63.57 | 1.09 | 0.05 | 0 | 29.42 | 5.76 | -25.0 | -28.9 | -7.3 | 2.47 | |||
YP2 | 57.29 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 0 | 35.47 | 6.02 | -25.0 | -28.6 | -7.4 | 2.25 |