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Sequence stratigraphy analysis and lithofacies paleogeography reconstruction of isolated platform in a rift lake basin: Implications for deepwater hydrocarbon exploration in the subsalt of Santos Basin, Brazil

HUANG Jixin, WANG Hongjun, XU Fang, YANG Mengying, ZHAO Junfeng, LI Peijia, LI Chenqing, LIU Zeqiang, XIONG Ying, TAN Xiucheng

Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2025, 52(4): 982-1000. DOI: 10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60617-3

Fig. 1. Structural location and comprehensive stratigraphic column of M block in Santos Basin (modified after references [15,18]). (a) Well location distribution map of M block; (b) A simplified regional tectonic map of the Santos Basin; (c) Stratigraphic column of the Lower Cretaceous in the Santos Basin.

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Fig. 2. Interpreted seismic-geological section and sequence stratigraphic profile of the Lower Cretaceous in M block of Santos Basin. (a) EW-trending seismic section through Well M4; (b) Interpreted EW-trending seismic section through Well M4; (c) Stratigraphic profile of the Lower Cretaceous sequence in Well M4. GR—Gamma ray; R_s—shallow resistivity; R_d—deep resistivity; GR_Inpefa—comprehensive error filtering analytical value.
Fig. 3. Strata thickness distribution of the Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 sequences in M block of the Santos Basin.
Fig. 4. Core and microscopic petrological characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 sequences in M block of the Santos Basin. (a) Well M5, 5 532.00 m, ITP Formation, shell limestone, intergranular siliceous cementation, wellbore coring; (b) Well M5, 5 532.00 m, ITP Formation, shell limestone, micrite envelopes, part of the shells are metasomized by siliceous matter, single polarized light, thin section; (c) Well M5, 5 340.05 m, ITP Formation, shell limestone, with moldic pores and intergranular dissolution pores, core; (d) Well M5, 5 340.05m, ITP Formation, shell limestone, bioclastic recrystallization, with intergranular dissolution pores and moldic pores, blue casts, single polarized light, thin section; (e) Well M12, 5 483.40 m, BVE200 Member, with interbedded shrub skeleton limestone and pelleted limestone at the bottom, biological skeletons grow upwards, developing fruticose skeletons, cores; (f) Well M31, 5 523.60 m, BVE300 Member, fruticose skeleton limestone, with elliptical pellets growing upward to form skeletons, orthogonal light, thin section; (g) Well M12, 5 575.80 m, BVE300 Member, with rhythmic interlayer of pelleted limestone and lamellar argillaceous limestone, core; (h) Well M31, 5450.45 m, BVE100 Member, pelleted limestone, intergranular filling of argillaceous permeable silts, single polarized light, thin section; (i) Well M12, 5 575.80 m, BVE300 Member, pelleted limestone, intergranular filling of dolomite grains and a small amount of insoluble residue, orthogonal light, thin section; (j) Well M12, 5 474.10 m, BVE200 Member, pebbled arenaceous limestone, with reverse grain sequence characteristics longitudinally, core; (k) Well M12, 5 571.75 m, BVE300 Member, arenaceous limestone, with pelleted fragments, orthogonal light, thin section; (l) Well M31, 5 845.00 m, ITP Formation, lamellar shell micrite, wellbore coring.
Table 1. Types and characteristics of sedimentary facies in Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 sequences of M block in Santos Basin
Fig. 5. Typical sedimentary sequences of the Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 in M block of the Santos Basin. (a) Well M5, 5 328.00-5 332.50 m, ITP Formation; (b) Well M20, 5 562.70-5 565.05 m, BVE300 Member; (c) Well M4, 5 340.10-5 344.00 m, BVE200 Member; (d) Well M12, 5 482.95-5 486.20 m, BVE200 Member.
Fig. 6. Well-tie section of the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary facies in M block of the Santos Basin.
Fig. 7. Lithofacies paleographic maps of the Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 sequences in M block of the Santos Basin.
Fig. 8. Well-tie seismic section of M block in the Santos Basin.
Fig. 9. Development and evolution model of lacustrine mounds and shoals in fault-controlled isolated platform in M block, Santos Basin.
Fig. 10. Physical property characteristics of various reservoir rocks in the Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 sequences of M block in the Santos Basin.
Fig. 11. Porosity and plane distribution of porosity and effective reservoir thickness of Lower Cretaceous SQ1-SQ3 sequences in M block of Santos Basin.

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